Addiction is a chronic brain disorder identified by compelling substance use or dysfunctional behaviors despite the harmful effects on physical health, mental well-being, relationships, and overall quality of life.
According to the National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics (2023), half of all Americans aged 12 and older have used illicit drugs at least once, while drug overdose deaths in the US since 2000 are approaching 700,000. The federal government allocated $35 billion for drug control efforts in 2020.
There are two primary types of addiction – substance use disorders and behavioral addictions. Substance addictions involve drugs (such as opioids, stimulants, and alcohol). Behavioral addictions include compulsive behaviors like gambling, gaming, internet use, and shopping.
Addiction has many effects on an individual including deteriorating health, financial struggles, legal issues, isolation, and a diminished quality of life.
To treat addictions, individuals are referred to therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for substance use disorders, and support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA).
What is Addiction?
Addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder characterized by compulsive seeking and use of a substance or engagement in a behavior despite harmful consequences. Addiction is marked by physical and/or psychological dependence, continued use despite negative impacts on health, social life, and daily functioning, tolerance development requiring increasing amounts to achieve the same effect, and withdrawal symptoms when use is discontinued.
According to the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, among Americans aged 12 and older, heavy alcohol drinking was the most prevalent substance use disorder affecting 6.4% (17.0 million people), followed by marijuana at 1.6% (4.2 million), opioids at 1.1% (2.5 million), cocaine and sedatives/tranquilizers each at 0.3%, stimulants at 0.2%, and hallucinogens at 0.1%. Overall, 8.1% of the population (21.4 million people) had a substance use disorder for any substance excluding alcohol.
What Are The Types Of Addiction?
The types of addiction are categorized into two main forms: Substance Addiction and Behavioral Addiction. Substance Addiction involves the compulsive use of drugs, including illicit substances, and the misuse of prescription medications like opioids and cocaine, leading to both physical and psychological dependence. In contrast, Behavioral Addiction refers to the compulsive engagement in certain behaviors that provide pleasure or reward, despite negative consequences, with gambling addiction being a prominent example that results in significant financial difficulties and strained relationships. Both types of addiction profoundly impact individuals and their loved ones, underscoring the importance of effective treatment and support.
Here are the types of addiction in detail:
Substance Addiction
Substance addiction, referred to as drug addiction or substance use disorder, is a complex condition characterized by an individual’s compulsive use of a substance despite harmful consequences. It typically involves a strong craving for the substance, loss of control over its use, and the development of tolerance, where increasing amounts of the substance are needed to achieve the desired effect.
Types of substance addiction include alcohol addiction, opioid addiction, stimulant addiction (such as cocaine and methamphetamine), cannabis addiction, and prescription drug addiction, among others.
According to Fernandez, A. C.’s 2023 study, ‘Prevalence of Unhealthy Substance Use and Associated Characteristics Among Patients Presenting for Surgery.’, 40.2% (768 patients) had overall unhealthy substance use, including 20.1% (385 patients) for illicit drugs, 18.7% (358 patients) for alcohol, 13.7% (262 patients) for tobacco, and 4.5% (86 patients) for prescription medications (non-medical use). Associated factors were younger age, male gender (adjusted odds ratio 1.95), higher pain scores (adjusted odds ratio 1.07), and higher anxiety scores (adjusted odds ratio 1.03).
Here are the types of substance addiction in detail:
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive alcohol seeking and use, despite negative consequences. Symptoms of alcohol addiction include strong cravings, loss of control, physical dependence, and withdrawal symptoms when alcohol use is stopped.
According to the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 28.9 million people ages 12 and older (10.2% of this age group) had Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in the past year. Breaking this down by gender, 16.8 million males (12.1%) and 12.0 million females (8.3%) were affected.
Effects of AUD include liver damage, heart problems, increased risk of cancer, mental health disorders, and impaired cognitive function. Treatment options for alcohol use disorder are behavioral therapies (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing), medications (e.g., naltrexone, acamprosate, disulfiram), and support groups (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous).
Nicotine Addiction
Nicotine Addiction is a dependence on nicotine, a highly addictive substance found in tobacco products. Symptoms of nicotine addiction include strong cravings, withdrawal symptoms upon cessation (irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating), and continued use despite knowledge of health risks.
According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health and the 2022 Monitoring the Future Survey, in 2021, the overall tobacco/nicotine use among the general population (aged 12 or older) was 22.0% (61.6 million people), cigarette smoking was 15.6% (43.6 million people), vaping nicotine was 4.7% (13.2 million people), and nicotine dependence was 8.5% (23.6 million people, 2020 data). In 2022, any nicotine use among students was 8.7% for 8th graders, 15.1% for 10th graders, and 24.8% for 12th graders. Cigarette use was 0.8% for 8th graders, 1.7% for 10th graders, and 4.0% for 12th graders. Vaping nicotine was 7.1% for 8th graders, 14.2% for 10th graders, and 20.7% for 12th graders.
Effects of nicotine addiction include increased risk of lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other respiratory illnesses. Treatment options for Nicotine Addiction are nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (e.g., patches, gum, lozenges), medications (e.g., bupropion, varenicline), and behavioral counseling.
Opioid Addiction
Opioid Addiction/Opioid Use Disorder is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive opioid seeking and use despite harmful consequences.
According to Jones, C. M.’s 2023 study, ’Use of Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adults With Past-Year Opioid Use Disorder in the US’, in 2021 an estimated 2.5 million (95% CI, 2.0-2.9 million) adults had past-year opioid use disorder (OUD). Among those with past-year OUD, 52.5% (95% CI, 43.5%-61.4%) were men, 67.4% (95% CI, 60.1%-73.9%) were aged 35 or older, 60.6% (95% CI, 51.8%-68.9%) were non-Hispanic White, and 52.0% (95% CI, 42.6%-61.3%) lived in large metropolitan areas.
Symptoms of opioid addiction include intense cravings, physical dependence, withdrawal symptoms (muscle aches, diarrhea, vomiting), and tolerance. Effects of opioid addiction include overdose, respiratory depression, increased risk of infectious diseases, and social and occupational problems. Treatment options for Opioid Addiction are medication-assisted treatment (MAT) (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone), behavioral therapies, and support groups.
Benzodiazepines Addiction
Benzodiazepine addiction refers to a compulsive reliance on benzodiazepines, a category of sedative-hypnotic medications commonly prescribed for anxiety and insomnia. Commonly abused benzodiazepines include diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), and clonazepam (Klonopin). Symptoms of benzodiazepine addiction include tolerance, withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, insomnia, seizures), and continued use despite negative consequences.
According to Blanco, C.’s 2018 study, ‘Prevalence and Correlates of Benzodiazepine Use, Misuse, and Use Disorders Among Adults in the United States.’, approximately 12.5% of US adults used benzodiazepines, 2.1% misused benzodiazepines, and 0.2% had benzodiazepine use disorders in 2015-2016.
Effects of benzodiazepine addiction include cognitive impairment, increased risk of falls, and overdose, especially when combined with other substances. Treatment options for Benzodiazepine Addiction are gradual dose reduction (tapering) under medical supervision, behavioral therapies, and, in some cases, medication to manage withdrawal symptoms.
Barbiturates Addiction
Barbiturate Addiction is a dependence on barbiturates, a class of sedative-hypnotic drugs that are now rarely prescribed.
According to Coupey S. M.’s 1997 study, ‘Barbiturates’, Barbiturates are dangerous, with a narrow therapeutic index, and be physiologically addicting if taken in high doses over a month or more. Abstinence syndrome is life-threatening.
Symptoms of barbiturate addiction include tolerance, withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, seizures, delirium), and compulsive drug-seeking behavior. Effects of barbiturate addiction include respiratory depression, coma, and death, especially with overdose or combined with other depressants. Treatment options for Barbiturate Addiction are gradual dose reduction under strict medical supervision, supportive care during withdrawal, and behavioral therapies.
Stimulant Addiction
Stimulant addiction is marked by a dependence on stimulant substances like cocaine, methamphetamine, and amphetamines. Individuals experience strong cravings, heightened energy and alertness, paranoia, and a compulsive drive to seek out these drugs. Effects of stimulant addiction include cardiovascular problems, psychosis, anxiety, depression, and neurological damage.
According to Orndorff, M.’s 2024 study, ‘Trends in cocaine use among United States females of reproductive age, 2005-2019.’ ‘The prevalence of cocaine use has increased in the United States, with an estimated 5.5 million people using it at least once in 2019. Approximately 2.4% of reproductive-age females reported the past 12 months of cocaine use, with a significant increase observed from 2011 to 2019, following an initial decline between 2005 and 2011.
Treatment options for Stimulant Addiction are behavioral therapies (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, contingency management), and support groups. Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications specifically for stimulant addiction.
Cannabis and Marijuana Addiction
Cannabis addiction involves a reliance on cannabis or marijuana, characterized by symptoms such as cravings, withdrawal effects (including irritability, anxiety, and insomnia), tolerance, and ongoing use despite adverse consequences.
According to Choi, N. G.’s 2024 study, ‘Cannabis use disorder and substance use treatment among U.S. adults.’, In the United States, approximately 7% of adults have cannabis use disorder (CUD), with higher rates among past-year cannabis users (30.3%). Approximately 16.5% of individuals with CUD received substance use treatment.
Effects of cannabis addiction include impaired cognitive function, respiratory problems, and increased risk of mental health disorders, particularly in vulnerable individuals. Treatment options for Cannabis and Marijuana Addiction are behavioral therapies (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing) and support groups.
Hallucinogen Addiction
Hallucinogen addiction refers to a reliance on drugs that induce altered perceptions, such as LSD, psilocybin, and PCP. Although these substances are generally not associated with physical dependence, individuals develop a psychological attachment that leads to compulsive use. Symptoms include cravings and continued use despite negative consequences.
According to Keyes, K. M.’s 2923 study, ‘Hallucinogen use among young adults ages 19-30 in the United States: Changes from 2018 to 2021.’, non-LSD hallucinogen use doubled from 3.4% in 2018 to 6.6% in 2021, while LSD use remained relatively stable at 3.7% in 2018 and 4.2% in 2021. The study found higher use among males, white participants, and those with college-educated parents.
Effects of hallucinogen addiction involve persistent perceptual disturbances (hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, HPPD), anxiety, depression, and psychosis. Treatment options for Hallucinogen Addiction are primarily behavioral therapies and supportive care.
Prescription Drugs Addiction
Prescription drug addiction involves a compulsive need for medications that are typically prescribed, such as painkillers, sedatives, or stimulants. Individuals experience intense cravings, increased tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms, and persist in using these drugs despite experiencing harmful effects.
According to the National Center for Health Statistics through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2022, Prescription drug use among adults in the United States remained stable from 2001 to 2020, with 46.8% of people using one or more prescription drugs in the past 30 days. However, the percentage of people taking five or more prescription drugs increased from 9.2% in 2001-2004 to 11.7% in 2017-March 2020.
Effects of prescription drug addiction vary depending on the specific drug but include organ damage, overdose, and mental health disorders. Treatment options for Prescription Drug Addiction are medication-assisted treatment (if opioids are involved), behavioral therapies, and support groups.
Inhalant Addiction
Inhalant addiction is a reliance on inhaling volatile substances to achieve mind-altering effects, involving everyday products like solvents, aerosols, and gases. Symptoms of inhalant addiction include cravings, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and compulsive seeking of inhalants.
According to Wu, L. T.’s 2006 study, ‘Inhalant use and disorders among adults in the United States.’, 0.4% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 met the criteria for past-year inhalant abuse or dependence. Inhalant use disorders affect adolescents regardless of gender, age, race/ethnicity, or family income. Early first use, use of multiple inhalants, and weekly use were related to the progression from inhalant use to abuse or dependence.
Effects of inhalant addiction include brain damage, organ damage, respiratory problems, and sudden death. Treatment options for Inhalant Addiction are primarily behavioral therapies and supportive care, as there are no specific medications approved for this type of addiction.
Behavioral Addiction
Behavioral addiction is a condition characterized by compulsive engagement in a behavior despite negative consequences, leading to significant impairment in daily functioning. Types of behavioral addiction include gambling addiction, internet addiction, gaming addiction, and compulsive shopping.
Here are the types of behavioral addiction in detail:
Gambling Addiction
Gambling Addiction is characterized by an uncontrollable urge to gamble, despite the significant negative impact it has on one’s life. Gambling addiction signs include an intense preoccupation with gambling, escalating wagers to achieve the same thrill, restlessness when trying to stop, and using gambling to escape from problems.
According to Welte, J. W.’s 2008 study, ‘The prevalence of problem gambling among U.S. adolescents and young adults: results from a national survey.’, 2.1% of respondents were identified as problem gamblers. 68% had gambled in the past year, with 11% gambling more than twice per week. Gambling involvement was higher among males, increased with age, and was lower among Black respondents, but those who did gamble had higher rates of problem gambling.
The consequences include financial devastation, damaged relationships, depression, anxiety, and even suicidal ideation. Recovery involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), peer support groups (e.g., Gamblers Anonymous), and, in some cases, medication like antidepressants or mood stabilizers.
Shopping Addiction
Shopping Addiction manifests as an overpowering drive to shop, even when it leads to financial hardship or other adverse outcomes.
According to Koran, L. M.’s 2006 study, ‘Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying behavior in the United States.’, the prevalence of compulsive buying among respondents was 5.8%, with a gender-adjusted prevalence rate of 5.8%. Compulsive buyers were younger and had a greater proportion of incomes under $50,000 compared to other respondents. They exhibited more maladaptive consumer behaviors and were less likely to pay off credit card balances in full.
Individuals frequently buy items they don’t need, spend beyond their means, feel guilt after shopping, and turn to shopping as a way to manage unpleasant emotions. This leads to debt, relationship issues, anxiety, depression, and feelings of shame. Treatment involves CBT, debt management counseling, and support groups.
Food Addiction
Food Addiction is marked by an overpowering consumption of food, highly palatable and processed options, regardless of the harmful results. Individuals experience intense cravings, a loss of control over their eating, secretive eating habits, and guilt after eating.
According to Flint, A. J.’s 2014 study, ‘Food-addiction scale measurement in 2 cohorts of middle-aged and older women.’, the overall prevalence of food addiction among the women surveyed was 5.8%, measured using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale. The prevalence was higher in the younger cohort of women aged 45-64 years (8.4%) compared to the older cohort aged 62-88 years (2.7%). In both cohorts, a BMI ≥ 35.0 was strongly associated with food addiction, with prevalence ratios of 15.83 and 18.41, respectively.
Food addiction results in weight gain, obesity, related health problems (e.g., diabetes, heart disease), depression, and social isolation. Recovery strategies include behavioral therapies (e.g., CBT, DBT), nutritional guidance, and support groups.
Porn Addiction
Porn addiction involves habitual and excessive pornography consumption, resulting in adverse consequences for one’s life.
According to Privara, M.’s 2023 study, ‘Pornography Consumption and Cognitive-Affective Distress.’, three out of five respondents have issues with Internet pornography addiction. The issue is most prevalent in men who live alone or with parents, and the highest consumption is among young adult men. Internet pornography addiction affects the brain’s reward center similar to other addictions, causing hypersensitivity to sexual stimuli, decreased satisfaction over time, and a need for increasingly novel content.
Signs of porn addiction include spending excessive time viewing pornographic material, neglecting responsibilities, experiencing withdrawal-like symptoms when attempting to stop, and continuing use despite detrimental effects on relationships, career, or mental well-being. The aftermath includes relationship distress, sexual dysfunction, feelings of shame, and social isolation. Treatment modalities include CBT, individual or group therapy, and participation in support groups.
Sex Addiction
Sex addiction is a compulsive engagement in sexual behaviors despite negative consequences. Symptoms include excessive time spent engaging in sexual activities, neglecting responsibilities, experiencing withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop, and continued engagement despite negative effects on relationships, work, or mental health.
According to Sahithya, B. R., & Kashyap, R. S. 2022, ‘Sexual addiction disorder—A review with recent updates’, sexual addiction disorder affects 2-6% of the general population, with a higher prevalence of 8.6% in the United States specifically. The disorder predominantly affects men, who make up 78% of treatment-seeking individuals and report significantly more sexual partners (59) compared to women (8) over a 5-year period.
The onset typically occurs during adolescence for 54% of patients, with 83% experiencing a gradual progression of symptoms. The condition shows high comorbidity rates, with 88% of patients having concurrent psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety, depression, ADHD, and personality disorders. Risk factors notably include substance use disorders and a history of childhood trauma, including sexual, physical, and emotional abuse.
Effects of sex addiction include relationship problems, sexually transmitted infections, legal issues, financial problems, and feelings of shame and guilt. Treatment options for sex addiction are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), individual or group therapy, and support groups.
Internet Addiction
Internet Addiction is defined as devoting excessive time online, which damages various areas of one’s life. Sufferers consumed with internet activities, fail to meet obligations, show withdrawal-like symptoms when they try to quit, and keep using the internet despite harmful effects on relationships, work, or well-being.
According to Kumar, T.’s 2023 study, ‘Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Impact of Internet Socialization on Professional, Academic, Social Lives and Sleep Pattern Among Students and Professionals from Various Fields Across India.’, internet addiction affected 53.6% of the participants, with people under 30 showing significantly higher risk compared to those over 30. The study revealed that individuals who became restless without internet access were nearly 5 times more likely to develop internet addiction, while those who stayed up late due to internet use had 3 times higher risk. The findings highlighted that professionals and students were particularly vulnerable, especially those who exhibited behaviors such as excessive online time, late-night internet use, and quick sharing of personal information on social media platforms.
Effects of internet addiction include Isolation, sadness, worry, sleep problems, and physical health problems. Treatment is aimed at dealing with the causes of addiction and takes the shape of Cognitive behavior therapy, family therapy, and support groups.
Tattoo Addiction
Tattoo Addiction is a psychological dependence on acquiring tattoos. People have a strong need to get more tattoos even knowing all of the negative issues.
According to Morlock, R.’s 2023 study, ‘Think Before You Ink: Perception, Prevalence, and Correlates of Tattooing and Tattoo Regret in US Adults.’, the average number of tattoos per tattooed person is 3.6, with approximately 35.3% of US adults having at least one tattoo, showing an increasing trend. People with multiple tattoos tend to have higher rates of substance use, cigarette smoking, and mental health conditions and are generally younger. The primary motivations for getting tattoos include self-expression, having fun, and remembrance. Overall, the data suggests a pattern of increasing social acceptance and diminishing stigma around tattoos.
Symptoms are thinking about tattoos, wanting tattoos quickly, and the feeling that one’s body looks bad without tattoos.
The effects of tattoo addiction are financial strain, social embarrassment, and guilt about the tattoo choices. Treatment options primarily involve therapy to address psychological issues and impulsive behaviors.
Video Game Addiction
Video Game Addiction is a compulsive need to play video games, leading to negative consequences in one’s life. Symptoms of video game addiction include preoccupation with video games, neglecting responsibilities, experiencing withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop, and continued use despite negative effects on relationships, work, or mental health.
According to Wittek, C. T.’s 2016 study, ‘Prevalence and Predictors of Video Game Addiction: A Study Based on a National Representative Sample of Gamers.’, 59% of all Americans play video games, and among American adolescents aged 12-17 years, 97% play video games.
Effects of video game addiction include social isolation, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and physical health problems (e.g., eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome). Treatment options for video game addiction are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, and support groups.
Love Addiction
Love Addiction describes a constant need for affection, approval, and relationships. People show a big fear of loneliness and a hard time sustaining healthy boundaries.
According to Costa, S.’s 2021 study, ‘The Love Addiction Inventory: Preliminary Findings of the Development Process and Psychometric Characteristics.’, love addiction affects 3-6% of the general adult population, with prevalence rates ranging from 3% to 26% in some studies. Symptoms of love addiction include loss of interest in other activities, academic or work problems, negative moods when away from a partner, and strong urges to see a partner.
Effects of love addiction include unstable relationships, codependency, anxiety, depression, and feelings of emptiness when not in a relationship. Treatment options for love addiction are individual therapy, group therapy, and support groups.
Work Addiction
Work Addiction is an overpowering obsession with work despite the resulting detrimental consequences.
According to Andersen, F. B.’s 2023 study, ‘The prevalence of workaholism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.’, 10% of the US population have workaholism.
Symptoms include spending excessive time working, neglecting personal relationships and hobbies, feeling guilty when not working, and continuing to work despite negative effects on health and well-being.
Effects of work addiction include burnout, stress-related illnesses, relationship problems, and decreased overall quality of life. Treatment options for work addiction are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), stress management techniques, and work-life balance counseling.
Exercise Addiction
Exercise addiction is defined as too much compulsive exercise that has negative health and personal effects. Symptoms of exercise addiction include exercising beyond recommended levels, neglecting other responsibilities, experiencing withdrawal symptoms when unable to exercise, and continuing to exercise despite injuries or health problems.
According to Weinstein, A.’s 2923 study, ‘Exercise addiction: A narrative overview of research issues.’, exercise addiction prevalence varies significantly across different sports and activities. Specific activities show: cross-fit 5%, indoor cyclists 13.3%, Italian runners 4.4%, marathon runners 7-15.4%, elite athletes 7.6%, and amateur endurance cyclists 6.1%. Broader activity types show: endurance athletes 14.2%, ball game players 10.4%, fitness center attendees 8.2%, and power disciplines 6.4%, while the general public 3.0%.
Effects of exercise addiction include physical injuries, burnout, hormonal imbalances, and psychological distress. Treatment options for exercise addiction are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), nutritional counseling, and rest and recovery strategies.
Plastic Surgery Addiction
Plastic surgery addiction is a compulsive desire to undergo repeated cosmetic procedures, to an excessive degree.
According to Jang, B.’s 2019 study, ‘The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Elective Plastic Surgery Patients.’, the University of Kansas Medical Center revealed that 44.1% of patients seeking elective plastic surgery had a history of psychiatric disorders, with major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder being the most common.
Symptoms include preoccupation with physical appearance, dissatisfaction with previous procedures, and seeking out multiple surgeries despite potential risks.
Effects of plastic surgery addiction include physical complications, body dysmorphic disorder, financial strain, and psychological distress. Treatment options for plastic surgery addiction are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and body image therapy.
Fantasy Addiction
Fantasy addiction is a compulsive reliance on fantasies and daydreaming as a way to escape reality to a degree that interferes with daily life.
According to Somer, E.’s 2017 study, ‘Childhood trauma, social anxiety, absorption, and fantasy dependence: Two potential mediated pathways to maladaptive daydreaming’, fantasy addiction, measured using the Severity of Dependence Scale for Fantasy (SDSF), showed a strong positive correlation with maladaptive daydreaming (r = .69, p<.01). The study also found that fantasy addiction mediated the relationship between social anxiety and maladaptive daydreaming, suggesting that social anxiety leads to increased fantasy addiction, which in turn contributes to maladaptive daydreaming.
Symptoms include excessive time spent daydreaming, difficulty concentrating on tasks, and using fantasies to cope with negative emotions. Effects of fantasy addiction include social isolation, difficulty forming real-life relationships, and impaired functioning in work or school. Treatment options for fantasy addiction are therapy to address underlying psychological issues and coping mechanisms.
Self-harm Addiction
Self-harm addiction is a compulsive engagement in self-injurious behaviors, such as cutting, burning, or scratching, as a way to cope with emotional distress.
According to Muehlenkamp, J. J.’s 2012 study, ‘International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm.’, the 12-month prevalence of self-harm in the U.S. was 7.3%, based on a study by Taliaferro with a sample size of 61,767. The average lifetime prevalence rates for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and deliberate self-harm (DSH) are 18.0% (SD = 7.3) and 16.1% (SD = 11.6), respectively.
Symptoms include engaging in self-harm repeatedly, feeling a sense of relief or release after self-harming and hiding self-harm behaviors from others. Effects of self-harm addiction include physical injuries, scarring, infection, emotional distress, and increased risk of suicide. Treatment options for self-harm addiction are therapy to address underlying emotional issues and coping mechanisms, such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT).
What Are The Causes of Addiction?
The causes of addiction include inherited predisposition, environmental influences, and psychological elements. Family history, peer relationships, and mental health conditions significantly shape addictive behaviors and substance use patterns.
Here are some common factors that contribute to the development of addiction:
Genetic Factors
Having a family history of addiction significantly increases the risk of developing an addiction. This is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
For instance, if a person has close relatives, such as parents or siblings, who struggle with addiction, they are more likely to develop an addiction themselves.
According to Ducci, F., & Goldman, D.’s 2012 study, ‘The genetic basis of addictive disorders.’, genetic factors in addiction show heritability rates ranging from 0.39 for hallucinogens to 0.72 for cocaine. Twin studies demonstrate a 2:1 monozygotic/dizygotic concordance ratio, indicating individual genetic effects. Carriers of 3-4 risk alleles (20% of the population) show three times higher odds of regular smoking compared to non-carriers (9% of the population).
Environmental Factors
Family dynamics, including parenting styles, family history of addiction, and exposure to substance abuse within the family, contribute to the development of addiction.
Also, people who associate with peers who engage in substance use or addictive behaviors are more likely to experiment with those substances or behaviors themselves.
According to Watts, L.L.’s 2024 study, ‘A meta-analysis study on peer influence and adolescent substance use.’, peer influence significantly impacts adolescent substance use (β = .147, p < .001), with young people adjusting their behavior to match their peers’ actual or perceived drug use patterns. The research, analyzing data from 27 studies, shows this influence works through both direct peer interactions and indirect social norms, with effects being strongest in early adolescence (12-14 years). Since adolescents overestimate their peers’ substance use, addressing these misperceptions are the key to prevention efforts.
Psychological Factor
Addiction and mental health disorders co-occur. Conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, or ADHD increase the risk of addiction. A person turns to substances or addictive behaviors as a way to self-medicate or alleviate symptoms of their mental health condition.
Trauma and stress is also a psychological factor. Experiencing trauma, such as physical or sexual abuse, neglect, or the loss of a loved one, increases the risk of addiction.
According to Khoury, L.’s 2010 study, ‘Substance Use, Childhood Traumatic Experience, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an urban civilian population.’, substance abuse statistics showed a strong correlation with childhood trauma, with cocaine use, in particular, being closely linked to childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse experiences. 39% alcohol, 34.1% cocaine, 6.2% heroin/opiates, and 44.8% marijuana dependency rates were documented in this urban population study.
The study revealed a cumulative effect where experiencing multiple types of childhood trauma increased both the likelihood of cocaine dependence and PTSD symptoms, an effect that remained significant even when controlling for adult trauma exposure.
What Are The Signs of Addiction?
The signs of addiction include compromised self-control, building tolerance to substances, experiencing withdrawal effects, failing to meet life obligations, and persistent urges to engage in addictive behaviors. These indicators manifest differently in each person, affecting their physical health, emotional well-being, and social relationships.
Here are the common signs of addiction:
- Loss of Control: Individuals with addiction often experience a loss of control over their substance use or addictive behavior. They find it difficult to limit or stop their engagement in the behavior, even when they have a strong desire to do so.
- Increased Tolerance: Over time, individuals with addiction develop a tolerance to the substance or behavior. This means they require more substance amounts or engage in the behavior more frequently to achieve the desired effect or reward.
- Withdrawal Symptoms: When individuals with addiction reduce or stop their substance use or engage in addictive behavior, they experience withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms vary depending on the substance or behavior and include physical discomfort, irritability, cravings, anxiety, or depression.
- Neglecting Responsibilities: Addiction leads to a decline in functioning in various areas of life. Individuals neglect their responsibilities at work, school, or home. They experience a decline in academic or occupational performance and have difficulty maintaining relationships.
- Preoccupation and Cravings: People with addiction often have an intense preoccupation with obtaining and using the substance or engaging in addictive behavior. They spend significant time thinking about the behavior, planning for it, or experiencing strong cravings for it.
- Emotional Instability: Frequent mood swings, irritability, and emotional outbursts surface. These changes contribute to strained interpersonal relationships and stress cycles.
- Denial and Rationalization: People struggling with addiction deny the seriousness of their condition. They provide rational explanations for their behavior and dismiss concerns from loved ones.
What Are The Effects of Addiction?
The effects of addiction include deteriorating physical health, mental health challenges, damaged relationships, and severe financial consequences. Individuals experiencing addiction often face organ damage, increased anxiety and depression, strained family bonds, and mounting financial pressures that lead to instability.
Here are the common effects of addiction:
- Physical Health Decline: Addiction stresses physiological systems, manifesting as organ damage (liver, heart), respiratory issues, and immune deficiency. Substance use disrupts homeostasis, diverting resources to maintain substance levels and impairing overall function.
- Mental Health Comorbidities: Addiction alters neurochemistry and cognitive processes, creating/exacerbating mental disorders like depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Substance use disrupts reward pathways, impairs emotional regulation, and compromises coping, worsening existing vulnerabilities or triggering new conditions.
According to Farooqui, A. M.’s 2022 study, ‘Psychiatric Comorbidity, Psychosocial Problems, and Functioning of People Who Inject Opioids: An Observational Study.’, 76% of participants had psychiatric comorbidity, with 51.32% having one comorbid diagnosis, 38.16% having two, and 10.53% having more than two. The most common comorbidities were mood disorders (28.95%), including major depressive disorder (21.05%), bipolar I disorder (3.95%), and dysthymia (3.95%), as well as anxiety disorders (13.16%), including adjustment disorder (6.58%) and generalized anxiety disorder (5.26%), and personality disorders (27.63%), including antisocial personality disorder (17.11%) and borderline personality disorder (7.89%). Patients with comorbidities showed significantly higher unemployment, poor global functioning, more psychosocial and environmental problems, and higher addiction severity scores in medical and employment domains. - Self-Perceptual Distortion: Addiction erodes self-worth, fostering negative self-image and self-destructive thoughts. Substance use fuels shame impairs judgment, and distorts self-perception through dependence and compulsive behaviors, creating cycles of negativity.
- Relational Disruption: Addiction undermines trust and communication, resulting in strained family relationships. Substance use prioritizes acquisition, leading to conflict, neglect of responsibilities, and eroded trust between individuals.
- Financial Instability: Addiction consumes resources and impairs economic productivity, leading to debt and inability to meet basic needs. Substance use drives compulsive spending, hindering employment stability and contributing to financial mismanagement. According to Gryczynski, J.’s 2016 study, ‘Understanding Patterns Of High-Cost Health Care Use Across Different Substance User Groups.’, annual hospital costs for individuals with alcohol use disorders average $1,122, while those for illicit drug use disorders reach up to $2,783 per person.
- Social Marginalization: Addiction attracts stigma and discrimination, limiting access to support and perpetuating isolation. Substance use labels individuals, generating prejudice that restricts opportunities and hinders help-seeking behaviors.
How to Treat Addiction?
To treat addiction effectively, a comprehensive approach combining professional medical care, therapeutic interventions, and community support is essential. Treatment typically includes personalized medical assistance, evidence-based behavioral therapy, structured rehabilitation programs, and ongoing support group participation.
Here are the common treatment options for addiction:
Medical Interventions
Medications play an important role in addiction treatment by managing withdrawal symptoms, reducing cravings, and addressing co-occurring mental health disorders. For example, medications like methadone and buprenorphine are used in opioid addiction treatment, while medications like disulfiram and naltrexone are used in alcohol addiction treatment.
According to Saxon, A. J.’s 2013 study, ‘Medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction: Methadone and buprenorphine’, methadone and buprenorphine are effective in treating opioid addiction. Methadone showed 74% treatment retention, compared to buprenorphine’s 46% over 24 weeks. Additionally, both medications significantly reduced HIV risk behaviors, such as needle-sharing and multiple sexual partners. Higher doses of both medications were associated with better outcomes, with optimal doses at 60 mg/day for methadone and 30-32 mg/day for buprenorphine, resulting in improved treatment completion rates.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Various therapeutic approaches like Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) help you to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with addiction. CBT focuses on developing coping skills, managing triggers, and preventing relapse. Therapists also introduce contingency management, an approach that uses positive reinforcement, such as rewards or privileges, to encourage abstinence and adherence to treatment goals.
According to Hedman, E.’s 2012 study, ‘Cognitive Behavior Therapy via the Internet: A Systematic Review of Applications, Clinical Efficacy, and Cost-effectiveness’, Internet-based CBT has shown a 79.5% probability of being more clinically efficacious than conventional face-to-face CBT while also being cost-effective.
Inpatient Treatment
Inpatient treatment provides a structured, supervised environment for individuals to focus on their recovery. This type of treatment is often recommended for those with severe addiction or co-occurring mental health disorders.
Outpatient Treatment
Outpatient treatment allows individuals to receive care while continuing to live at home and maintain their daily responsibilities. This approach is suitable for those with a less severe addiction or who have completed inpatient treatment.
According to Stahler, G. J.’s 2016 study, ‘Residential and outpatient treatment completion for substance use disorders in the U.S.: Moderation analysis by demographics and drug of choice.’, outpatient treatment settings showed a 52% completion rate for substance use disorders, notably lower than the 65% seen in residential programs. The study, which analyzed 318,924 cases from SAMHSA’s 2011 Treatment Episode Data Set, found that clients in outpatient treatment were about one-third as likely to complete treatment compared to those in residential settings. The effectiveness of treatment settings varied by demographics, with older clients, White individuals, and opioid users showing particularly better outcomes in residential versus outpatient care, while gender did not significantly impact the treatment setting’s effectiveness.
Support Groups
Support groups provide individuals with community, understanding, and encouragement. One well-known example is the 12-step programs like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA). These programs emphasize peer support, personal accountability, and spiritual growth.
What Are The Most Common Addictions In The United States?
The most common addictions in the United States are Alcohol, Opioid, Marijuana, Heroin, Fentanyl, Cocaine, and Meth. These addictions vary widely in prevalence, legal status, and public health impact, requiring diverse treatment approaches and ongoing research.
According to the National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics (NCDAS), as of 2020, the most commonly abused substance with 138.522 million Americans aged 12 and over drinking alcohol, of which 28.320 million (20.4%) have an alcohol use disorder. This is followed by tobacco/nicotine use, with 57.277 million users. Marijuana ranks third with 47.103 million (18.7%) of Americans over 18 using it yearly, and approximately 30% of users developing a marijuana use disorder.
Opioid misuse affects 9.49 million (3.4%) Americans aged 12 and older, with 2.702 million qualifying as having an opioid use disorder. Prescription drug abuse is also prevalent, with varying rates across different medications: prescription stimulants at 1.9% of adults, sedatives at 2.4%, and tranquilizers being misused by approximately 2% of both males and females.
Cocaine use affects about 2.0% of adults (approximately 5.5 million people), while methamphetamine use is reported at 1.0% of adults, representing about 1.8 million persons who used meth in the past year.
